Passive voice is used:

• when we want to shift the importance

Example:Ariel gave Luna flowers
Luna was given flowers by Ariel

• when we don't know who did it or it is not important who did it

Example:
The murderer was finally arrested

• to make the information sound more formal

Example:
Action must be taken immediately

To change a sentences from active into passive:
1. The object becomes the subject in the passive voice
2. The tense remains the same tense, but it is moved from the main verb to the verb 'be'
3. The verb is in past participel

Dirrect speech refer to reproducing another person's exact words or saying exactly what someone has said.

Indirrect speech refer to reproducing the idea of another person words that doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.

Here a the backshift of tenses:
FROM TO
Simple Present Simple Past
Simple Past
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Past Perfect
Will Would
am/is/are was/were
Was/were
has been Had been
had been

Time Signal:
Dirrect Speech Indirrect Speech
Now Then
Today That day/that night
Yesterday The day before/The previous day
Tomorrow The next day/following day
Last week The previous week
Next week The following week
A year A year before

There are three kinds of dirrect and indirrect speech:

1. Statement

• Dirrect speech (Present Tense): The students go to the library once a day
• Indirrect speech (Past Tense): The students went to the library once day
• Dirrect speech (Present Countinous Tense): The students are reading books now
• Indirrect speech (Past Countinous Tense): The students were reading books then
• Dirrect speech (Past Tense): The students borrowed books last week
• Indirrect speech (Past Perfect Tense): The students had borrowed books the previous week
• Dirrect speech (Present Perfect Tense): The students have returned the books
• Indirrect speech (Past Perfect Tense): The students had returned the books
• Dirrect speech (Future Tense): The students will borrow novels tomorrow
• Indirrrect speech (Future Tense): The students would borrow novels the following day
• Dirrect speech: The girls say, "We like reading een magazines."
• Indirrect speech: The girls say that they like reading teen magazines.
• Dirrect speech: Woody says,"I am on my way home."
• Indirrect speech: Woody says that he is on his way home.
• Dirrect speech: Riana says, " I can do this myself."
• Indirrect speech: Riana says that she can do that herself.

2. Question

• Dirrect speech: Peter asked me,"Do you play football?"
• Indirrect speech: Peter asked me whether I played football.
• Dirrect speech: Peter asked me,"When do you play football?"
• Indirrect speech: Peter asked me when I play football.

3. Command

• Dirrect speech: Mother said to me, "Turn off the TV and preapare yourself."
• Inddirect speech: Mother told me to turn off the TV an preapare myself.
• Dirrect speech: Nollan said to me, "Don't go anywhere after tou have done our homework."
• Indirrect speech: Nollan told me not to go anywhere after I had done my homework.

When the subjective is an infinitive phrase:
We begin a sentence with it when the real subject is an infinitive phrase.
So instead of saying, ‘To accept your advice is difficult’, we say, ‘It is difficult to accept your advice’.

Structure: It + verb + subject complement + infinitive phrase (real subject)

• It is easy to learn English. (To learn English is easy.)

• It is easy to find fault with others. (To find fault with others is easy.)

• It is difficult to know his motive. (To know his motive is difficult.)

• It is difficult to find a good job during these troubled times.

• It is dangerous to play with fire.

• It could be dangerous to drive so fast.

Note:
That when we wish to emphasize the infinitive phrase, it may be put at the beginning, especially when it is short

News item is factual text which informs the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important. Social function of news item is to informs readers, listeners, or viewers about event of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

Generic Structure of News Item:

• Newsworthy event: recount the event in summary form
• Background event: elaborate what happened, to whom, in what, circumstances.
• Sources: comments by participants in witnesses to and authorities expert on the event.

Significant Grammar Features:

• Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
• Generally using simple past tense
• Use of material priocesses to retell the event
• Using action verbs
• Using saying verbs
• Focus circumstances
• Use of projecting verbal procccess in sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible:

1. It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
2. The present progressive tense is used,usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out
3. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive
4. Headlines are not always complete sentences
5. The passive voice i sused without the appropriate form of "be"

Example:

• My coach is happy.
• I like the cars over there.
• The woman who lives there is my aunt.
• Frankenstein is the name of the scientist not the monster.
• I consider Meong my favorite cat.
• Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.
• To read quickly and accurately is John’s goal.
• Two of my guests have arrived.
• Mr. Jones spoke to Dr. James.
• My friend works with her father.
• Alex is a smart tall white boy.
• It's a beautiful red car.
• Mr. Aldy has just bought an expensive large house.

Simple Future Tense is used to describing job or action that will to do (happened) at future.

The Formula:
1. Will

(+) S + shall/will + Verb I
(-) S + shall/will + not + Verb I
(?) Shall/will + S + Verb I?

2. Going to

(+) S + be + going to + Verb I
(-) S + be + not + goimg to + Verb I
(?) be + S + going to + Verb I?

How do we use the Simple Future Tense?

• No Plan: we use the simple future tense when there is no plan or decision to do something before we speak. We make the decision spontaneously at the time of speaking.

Example:

1. Hold on. I'll get a pen.
2. We will see what we can do to help you.
3. Maybe we'll stay in and watch television tonight
4. I think I'll go to the gym tomorrow.
5. I think I will have a holiday next year.
6. I don't think I'll buy that car.

• Prediction: we often use the simple future tense to make a prediction about the future. Again, there is no firm plan. We are saying what we think will happen.

Example:

1. It will rain tomorrow.
2. People won't go to Jupiter before the 22nd century.
3. Who do you think will get the job?

Note:
That when we have a plan or intention to do something in the future, we usually use other tenses or expressions, such as the present continuous tense or going to.

Time signal:

1. Tomorrow…

• Morning
• Afternoon
• Evening
• Night

2. Next…

• Time
• Week
• Month
• Year
• January

3. Tonight
4. The day after tomorrow
5. Soon
6. Later
7. Two, three more days
8. Two, three days later
9. By and by

The Human Body

ankle | arm | chest | foot | hand | knee leg | neck | shoulder	back | bottom | calf | elbow | head heel | thigh
Close up on the foot	Close up on the hand
ankle | big toe | heel | little toe | toenail	index finger | knuckle | fingernails little finger | middle finger ring finger | thumb | wrist

Build Up

Inside the Body - Simple Anatomy

bladder	The organ inside the body of a person, where urine is stored before it leaves the body.
brain	The organ inside the head that controls thought, memory, feelings and activity.
digestive system	The organs in your body that digest food.
ear	The ear is made up of three different sections: the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. These parts all work together so you can hear and process sounds.
eye	'The eyes takes in information about the world around you - shapes, colours, movement, and more. Then they send the information to your brain.
heart	The heart sends blood around the body. The blood provides oxygen and nutrients to the body.
kidney	One of the main jobs of the kidneys is to filter the waste out of the blood.
liver	A large organ in the body which cleans the blood and produces bile (a bitter yellow liquid which helps to digest fat).
lungs	The lungs are one of the largest organs in the body, they work with the respiratory system to take in fresh air, and get rid of stale air.
mouth	The opening in the face which consists of the lips and the space between them, or the space behind which contains the teeth and the tongue.
skeleton	The frame of bones that support the body.
spine	The line of bones down the centre of the back that provides support for the body.
teeth	The hard white objects in the mouth, which are used for biting and chewing.
tooth	(see above)
urinary tract	The parts of the body which produce and carry urine.