The Human Body

ankle | arm | chest | foot | hand | knee leg | neck | shoulder	back | bottom | calf | elbow | head heel | thigh
Close up on the foot	Close up on the hand
ankle | big toe | heel | little toe | toenail	index finger | knuckle | fingernails little finger | middle finger ring finger | thumb | wrist

Build Up

Inside the Body - Simple Anatomy

bladder	The organ inside the body of a person, where urine is stored before it leaves the body.
brain	The organ inside the head that controls thought, memory, feelings and activity.
digestive system	The organs in your body that digest food.
ear	The ear is made up of three different sections: the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. These parts all work together so you can hear and process sounds.
eye	'The eyes takes in information about the world around you - shapes, colours, movement, and more. Then they send the information to your brain.
heart	The heart sends blood around the body. The blood provides oxygen and nutrients to the body.
kidney	One of the main jobs of the kidneys is to filter the waste out of the blood.
liver	A large organ in the body which cleans the blood and produces bile (a bitter yellow liquid which helps to digest fat).
lungs	The lungs are one of the largest organs in the body, they work with the respiratory system to take in fresh air, and get rid of stale air.
mouth	The opening in the face which consists of the lips and the space between them, or the space behind which contains the teeth and the tongue.
skeleton	The frame of bones that support the body.
spine	The line of bones down the centre of the back that provides support for the body.
teeth	The hard white objects in the mouth, which are used for biting and chewing.
tooth	(see above)
urinary tract	The parts of the body which produce and carry urine.

If you ever watch ads cola-cola? pastinyaa yalloooo!! Do you know the meaning of the advertisement?
Advertisement is information for persuade and motivate a people a so that it will attacted them to the service an things that areffered.
The fungtion of advertisement is for :
- Promotion
- Communication
- Information

Kinds of Advertisement :
A. Family advertisement
B. Invitation advertisement
C. Sponsored advertisement
D. Advertisement that prouises goods which is advertised
E. Reduested advertisement
F. News advertisement
G. Announcement advertisement

In making an advertisement keep the following point :
1. Language advertisement
A. Using the correct pr suitable word
B. Using the interesting expression and suggestive
C. Using positive connotation
D. Text of advertisement and direct Hg to the goals.
2. Advertisement content
A. Objective and hanest
B. Brief and cleak
C. Don’t to allude gloup and to other producer
D. Attac tive attention


Ex :
City Check – In Garuda Indonesia
If you have businnes in town, you can picy up yout boarding pass at one of our cit check-in offices in Indonesia and Singapore. All you need to do is check-in at least 3 hours before flight departure. Then, make your way to the airport at your convenience. It means you’ll have more time for yourself, and less time waiting at the airport. City check-in can be done by other people who are not passengers by showing the original document (e.g. Ticket, passport, Visa, etc).
For domestic flight service, a passenger who cancelled his / her flight will be changerd 25 % of normal tariff one way on his / her flight sector. At tehe following sales offices, check-in can be done from 24 hours until 4 hours before flight departure on :
Monday – Friday : 07.30 am – 04.30 p.m
Saturday – Sundar – Holiday : 09.00 – 01.00 p.m

Infants under two years of age not occupying individual seat and accompanied by ank adult, shall be changerd 10 % of the full adult fare. If such infant occupies a seat, the charge will be 50 % of the full adult fare.
All check-in procedures remain the same as normal check-in, except L
Baggage will be reported at check-in counter at departure airport.
Thank you for flying with Garuda Indonesia

Have you eaten?
Did you eat in that canteen this morning?
 
Meanwhile, for the second sentence is the questioner asked whether the person questioned has been eating at some time in the past in a canteen equally they already know.For the second sentence above is the Simple Past Tense sentences we have discussed previously (please see again if still do not understand). The first sentence is the sentence Simple Present Perfect Tense.

The present perfect tense is a rather important tense in English, but if gives speakers of some languages a difficult. Thats because it uses concepts or ideas that do not exist in those languages. In fact, the structure of the present perfect tense is very simple. The problems come with the use of the tense. In addition, there are some differences in usage between and American English.

How do we make the present perpect tense ?

The structure of the present tense is :

Subject + auxiliary verb have + main verb past participle

Here are some examples of the present perfect tense.
Subject Auxiliary verb Main verb
+ I Have Seen ET
+ You Have Eaten Mine
- She Have Not Been To Rome
- We Have Not Played Football
? Have You Finished
? Have They Done It ?

Contractions with the present perfect tense

When we use the present perfect tense in speaking we usually contract the subject and auxiliary verb. We also sometime do this when we write.
I have I’ve
You have You’ve
He has
She has
It has
Jhon has
The car has He’s
She’s
It’s
Jhon’s
The car’s
We have We’ve
They have They’ve

Here are some examples :
- I’ve finished my work
- Jhon’s seen ET
- They’ve gone home

For & Since With Present Perfect Tense

We often for and since with the present perfect tense

- We use for to talk about a period of time – 5 minutes, 2 week, 5 years.
- We use since to talk about a point in past time – 9 o’clock, 1 st January, Monday.

For Since
A period of time A point in past time
X ……..
20 minutes 6.15 pm
Three day Monday
6 months January
4 years 1994
2 centuries 1800
A long time I left school
Ever The beginning of time
Etc Etc

Here are some examples
- I have been here for 20 minutes
- T have been here since a o’clock
- Jhon hasn’t called for 6 month
- Jhon hasn’t called since February
- He has worked in New York for a long here
- He has worked in New York since he left school

Just say hii.. to everyone.
Greetings is costomary or rituli as red words or phases used to introduce oneslep or to greet some one.
Greeting can be expressed both audibly physically and often involre a combination of the two.

Example :

- Hi (saying) it when yoa meet with a person, usually used in a informal
situation.
- Hello (saying) it when you meet with a person
- Good morning
- Good afternoon
- Good night
- Good evening
- Good bye
- See you
- (it wat) nice meeting you

Say good bye :
- (it war) nice meeting you
- Good bye
- By or see you
- See you latter

Health – keadaan
- How are you
- How are you today?
- Fine, thank you / thank
- Not to bad
- Very well
- I’m ok / all right

Greeting people :
- Hello, hi
- Good morning
- Good evening

Introducing people :
- What’s your name?
- My name is ….
- I am ….
- Haven’t we meet before?

Untuk menyatakan suatu pekerjaan, peristiwa, atau kejadian yang terjadi hari ini, atau kejadian yang berulang kali atau merupakan suatu kebiasaan sehari – hari.

Formula : A : S + to be (am, is, are) + ……
B : S + verb bentuk I + (S / es) + ….

Affirmative (+) Negative (-) Interrogative (?)
S + verb I + s / es S + do not / does not verb I Do / does + s + verb I
I + verb I
We + verb I
They + verb I
You + verb I
She + verb I + s / es
He + verb I + s / es
It + verb I + s / es I + do not verb I
We + do not verb I
They + do not verb I
You + do not verb I
She + do not verb I
He + do not verb I
It + do not verb I Do + I verb I
Do + we verb I
Do + they verb I
Do + you verb I
Does + she verb I
Does + he verb I
Does + it verb I

Examples :
1. (+) He goes to school every morning
(-) he does not go to school every morning
(?) does he go to school every morning
(-?) does she not go to school every morning

2. (+) she does her homework
(-) she does not do her homework
(?) does she do her homework
(-?) does she not do her homework


3. (+) you can come to my house
(-) you can not come to my house
(?) can you come to my house?
(-?) can you not come to my house?

4. (+) I must go there today
(-) I must not go there today
(?) must I go there today?
(-?) must I not go there today?

Example :
- We eat rice every day
- I go to school at 6 o’cloock

Di pergunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kebenaran umum (general truth)
Example :

- The world is round
- The earth goes round the sun
- Animal lives only fot food


Catatan :
Dalam kalimat verbal bentuk kalimat berita (aafirmative) yang subjeknya orang ketifa tunggal = she – he – it = atau bilangan satu maka kata kerja dasarnya (Infinitive) mengalami perubahan sebagai berikut :
a. Pada umumnya kata kerja dasar (infinitive) ditambah = s =
To bring brings membawa
To eat eats makan
To make makes membuat
To help helps membantu

b. Kata kerja dasar beakhiran
ch, sh, sa, dan x ditambah = es =
to attach attaches melampirkan
to wish wishes ingin
to discuss discusses merundingkan
to mix mixes mencampurkan

c. Kata kerja dasar yang berakhiran : = e = di tambah = s =
To operate operates mengoperasi
To imagine imagines menghayal
To imitate imitates meniru
To evaluate evaluates menilai

d. Kata kerja dasar yang berakhiran = o = ditambah = es =
To go goes pergi
To do does mengerjakan

e. Kata kerja dasar yang berakhiran = y = yang didahului oleh huruf mati, y : diganti I, lalu ditambah = es =
To accompany companies menemani
To apply applies menggunakan / menerapkan
To amplity ampliptes menguatkan
To harry harries mengganggu

f. Kata kerja dasar yang berakhiran : = y = yang didahului oleh huruf hidup hanya ditambah = s = saja.
To stay stays tinggal
To obay obays mematuhi
To spray sprays menyemprot
To prey preys merampas
To pray prays sembahyang (memohon)

1. Simple past tense is a kind of tense which is used to describe an event or action that happened already in a certain time in past.
- The pattern :
(+) subject + verb II + complement
(-) subject + did not + verb II + complement
(?) did + subject + verb I

- The example :
(+) I went to Jakarta last week
(-) I did not go anywhere yesterday
(?) did you go last Sunday?

- Adverbs used :
Yesterday, last night, last week, two days ago, efew minutes ago, last weekend, last month, last year, in 1995, etc.

2. Past continous tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an event or an action which was happening in a certain time in the past.
- The pattern :
(+) subject + was / were + verb-ing + complement
(-) subject + wasnot / werenot + verb-ing + complement
(?) was / were + subject + verb-i

- The example :
(+) she was reading a book at eight o’cloock last night
(-) she was not reading a book at eight o’cloock last night
(?) was she reading a book at eight o’cloock last night

- Adverb used
At the time like this yesterday, at seven o’cloock last night, etc.

3. Past perfect tense is a kind of tense that is used in describe an action or an event that or finished till in a certain time in the past too, or past perpect tense in uset do express an action or an action other event action happened.
- The pattern :
(+) subject + had + verb III + complement
(-) subject + had not + verb III + complement
(?) had + subject + verb III + complement

- The examples :
(+) we had played before teacher come
(-) they nad not eaten before we came
(?) had they eaten before we got back?

- Adverb used
From 1989 to 1981, once, twice, etc.

Procedure text is designed to describle now something is achieved through a sequence of action or steps. Is explains now people perform different process in sequence of steps. This text uses the simple present tense, often imperativesen tence. It also usually user in the temporal conjuctions, such, as first, second, the, next, finally, etc.

The generic structures of procedurt text are :
1. Goal / aim (or title)
2. Material (nnot required for all procedural texts)
3. Steps (the actions that must be taken)

Purpose :
- To give guidance how to …..
- To instruct how to ….
- To follow the step how to …
1. How to make (toys, kite)
2. How to cook (fried rice)
3. How to help (sting, drowning)
4. How to operate (computer, radio)

Procedure Example
This sample procedure is labeled to show you the structure and language features of procedure text.

Title : Germitating petunia seeds
Follow these instructions to germinate petunia seeds.
You will need :
- A packet of petunia seeds
- A seed tray or small pots
- Loamy friable soil or potting mix
- Water
- Fertilizer
1. Fill seed tray with soil
2. Incorporate fertiliser into soil
3. Scatter seed on the surface of the soil
4. Cover seeds with a emm layer of soil, press fimly.
5. Spray water to moisten the seed bed
6. Place seed tray in warm, sunny position / at least 25 deg C
7. Keep soil moist by watering gently while seeds are germitaing. Seeds will germinate in approximately 10 – 14 days.

Narrative text is a text that is used for the purpose of entertaining or a musing, creating, stimulating emotions, motivating, guilding, and teaching the listeners and it usually deals with actual or vicious experience. Narrative text’s such as : fable (mouse dear and crocodile), legend folk tales (sangkuriang, Maling kundang), fair tale (cinderela, snow white, pinochio).

The Characteristics of Narrative text :
1. Past Tense
2. Dialogues
3. Lingking words that are connected with the time
4. The wring / it use the first person (I) and the third person (he, she, they).
5. The purpose is to enternain and to muse the readers.

The generic structure of narrative text :
1. Orientation
Is sets the scene and introduces the participants (it answes the questions – who, when, what, where).
2. Evaluation
a stepping back to evaluate the plight (the information about the narrator’s point of view) it is aptional.
3. Complication
A crisis or a problem arises. It usually in volvers the main characters.
4. Resolution
A solution the the problem (for better or worse) main characters find ways to solve the problem.

Some Important points in the story of narrative text are :
It uses temporal conjuction : Ex. Once upon a time, a long time ago, etc.
It uses simple past tense : Ex. There lived one day there etc.



contoh text narrative
the legend of karimunjava island

once upon a time in muria mountain, there lived the family of sunan muria. amir hasan or called as sunan nyamplungan is the son of sunan muria.

he was very spoiled by his mother. because of that, he became a naughty boy.

then his father, sunan muria asked him to study in kudus. he studied islamic religion to his uncle, sunan kudus. after some time, he became an obedient young man. sunan muria was very proud of him.

one day, sunan muria asked amir hasan to go to somewhere to spread islamic religion. his father asked him to go to an island that could be seen from muria mountain. it was on the west - north of jepara. this island seemed to be fade (kremun-kremun in javanese). and from that time, people called the island as karimunjava island.
amir hasan followed by his mate went to karimunjava island. they sailed to the island day and night and finally they reached the island. then they did what his father said. amir hasan and his people lived in the island ever after.

Hii cuy..I will tell you about my holiday. Last holiday after national examination, i went to Java for 4 days with my family. My father and my mother went to Java for work 3 days before my brother and I went there. In Java, we went to many places.That was an amazing holiday!
This is a example recount text. Did you know that the recount text?
Recount text is a text that is user to retell event for the purpose of forming or entertaining.

The generic structures of recount text are :
- Orientation (it gives the readers the background information needed to understand the text such as who was involved, where it happened, when it happened).
- Events (a series of events, ordered in a choronological sequence).
- Re – orientation (restates the writer’s opinion or personal comment of the writer the inceident).

The significan Lexicogrammatical features :
- Use of simple past tense
- Use of temporal conjunction (when, after, before, next, later, then).
- Use of personal pronoun (I, we)

I. Text Recount
Text recount is a reading text loretan event for the purpose of informing or entertaining.
II. Sosial Function
To retell event for the purpose in informing or entertaining

Significant Lexicosrammatical teartuter
- Focus on specific participants
- Use of material processer
- Use of past tense
- Focus on temporal sequence

The generic structure
Orientation : Set the scane it provides the background’s information
needed to understand the text such as what it happened.
Event’t : The frequency on incidents. At varios stagor there may be
same personal comment on the incide we call it re-orientation.
Re-orientation : It’s used to retell past event for the purpose (The condusion
of-of informing or entertaining the story).

Examples

Earthquake

Orientation : I wass driwing along the coar road when
the car suddenly lurched to one side.

• Event 1 : At first, thougt a type had gone but then I sak telegrahph poler calapsing like matc sticks.
• Event 2 : The rocks come tumbling across The road an I had to abandon the car
• Event 3 : When I got back to down, well as I said there wasn’t much left

Announcement is something said, written, or printed to make know what has happened or (more often)what will happen, in writing an announcemen, keep tha following points :
- The title / type of event
- Date / time, place
- Contact person

Example :

“Announcement”

This is a news school year. Many new student are around and they need to know our school rules. Pease be helpful to them and extend curtesy to their parents. Thank you

Giving Instruction is an expression on that is used in order that other person does what we instruct or request.

Giving Instruction is use to order to do something to some one kinds of giving instruction :

- Verb 1
Example
- Wash your hand !
- Eat your meal !
- Sit down !
- Cover your foot !
- Sweep the floor !

- Be + adjective / noon :
Example
- Be your self !
- Be a good student !
- Be strong !
- Be happy !

- Don’t + V. infinitive :
Example
- Don’t aimb !
- Don’t eat
- Don’t forget

- No + Verb (ing)
Example
- No smooking
- No swimming

Notes :
- Use (!) to make the instruction more expllat
- Use word please to make the instruction more polste

Gaining attention is a way or expressions that is spoken so that other people will pay their attention to what we want to.

Attention to show moment somebody. Want to talk the important something. Or one announcement or to need something.

What would you say to gain attention :
- Attention please
- May / can I have your attention, please ?
- Excese me
- Look here!
- Listen to me, please.
- Waiter?
- Wow really?

Response :
- Wow, Really?
- I’m listening
- Wow, that’s true
- Wow, that’s great

Example :
Attention !!

Tomorrow is the last day for you to join the English Debate Competition
So, join now.
Concact : Dara, class XA

Sympathy Expressions is an expression or feeling of pity and sorrow when we know and we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have troble and in bad condition. By expressing sympathy we want to show our concern or carefulness on other people’s condition.

How can we give sympathy expressions to someone??

We express it directly to him / her orally or we can use a letter or card by post alse by short message sevice (SMS), e-mail, television, radio, and news paper if he / she got the trouble is fat from us.

To show for accident on ancident. Happened or happened les serious news :
- Oh no!
- What apity!
- What a same?
- What a nuisance foor you

Very sad news :
- How awful
- How terri

“Expressing Sympathy”

That’s ...

• Awfull!
• A pity!
• A terrible!
• A readful!
• A shame!

What a...

• Shame
• Pity

How ...

• Awful
• Dread ful

I’m (So) sorry ...

• To hear that
• To know that

Example :
Enda : My syomach ached all right. I couldn’t sleep.
Vania : I’m sorry to hear that