e-primbon: Februari 2011

Jumat, 18 Februari 2011

Modal in the Past Forms

Posted by zizz031 | Jumat, 18 Februari 2011 | Category: | 0 komentar

When do we use modals?

To talk about someone's ability (or inability) to do something
Example: "We can find your house without the street plan."
"She can't have a daughter that old!"
To talk about an action that is necessary (or impossible, or not necessary)
Example: "You must always have your driver's licence when you are driving your car."
"You needn't carry your passport around with you."
To talk about a situation that is possible (or impossible)

Example:"Do be careful with that glass, the baby might knock it over"

Modals in the Past Form

can't have	could	could have	couldn't	couldn't have
didn't need to	had to	may have	may not have	might have
might not have	must have	needn't have	ought not to have	ought to have
should have	shouldn't have	would have	would not

can't have

certainty

e.g. I can't have lost my keys! (I'm sure I didn't)

could	permission e.g. When I was a teenager, I could go out as late as I wanted.
	general ability e.g. Tom could walk by the age of 8 months.

could have	possibility, but did not happen e.g. I could have passed my driving test if I'd really tried.
	uncertainty e.g. I guess it could have been Sandra on the phone.

couldn't	permission e.g. When I was a teenager, I couldn't stay out as late as I wanted.
	general ability e.g. I couldn't walk until I was 2.
	ability in a particular situation e.g. I tried hard but I couldn't persuade him to go to the party with us.

couldn't have	possibility/ability e.g. I couldn't possibly have passed my driving test, even if I'd tried harder.
	uncertainty e.g. It couldn't have been Sandra on the phone, could it?
	with comparative adjectives e.g. I couldn't have asked for better weather on my wedding day.
	unwillingness e.g. I couldn't have left the dog in the car for long (so I didn't).

didn’t need to

unnecessary action not done

e.g. As I was alone this weekend, I didn't need to do any cooking (so I didn't).

had to

obligation (past form of must)

e.g. I couldn't go out last night because I had to do my homework.

may have

uncertainty

e.g. I guess I may have been a bit hard on her when she came home an hour late.

may not have

uncertainty

e.g. He may not have found out yet that he has passed the test.

might have	possibility (didn't happen) e.g. You might have been killed!
	uncertainty e.g. I guess I might have been a bit hard on her when she came home an hour late.
	annoyance at someone's failure to do something e.g. You might have told me that you had invited all your colleagues round for dinner!
	might have known + would (idiom to ironically express that somebody's action was typical) e.g. I might have known that he would finish with me as soon as he found out I wasn't wealthy!

might not have

uncertainty

e.g. He may not have found out yet that he has passed the test.

must have	certainty e.g. He must have known how much it was going to cost. (I'm sure he knew.)
	with surely in exclamations e.g. Surely he must have known how much it was going to cost!

needn't have

unnecessary action that was actually done

e.g. Oh, you needn't have done the washing up!

ought not to have

criticism (more common is shouldn't have)

e.g. You ought not to have been so frank with him.

ought to have

expectation (should have is more common)

Why is she late? She ought to have arrived by now!

should have	expectation Why is she late? She should have arrived by now!
	should have + verbs of thinking e.g. I should have thought you knew.
	with be and adjectives, describing chance e.g. It was weird that you should have been staying in the same hostel last month.
	criticism (you didn't do something, but it would have been the right thing to do) e.g. The party was such fun last night! You should have come!

shouldn't have	criticism e.g. You shouldn't have been so frank with him.
	polite expression of thanks on receiving a gift or favour "Here's a bottle of wine for you" "Oh, you really shouldn't have!"

would have	events in the past that did not happen e.g. I wouldn't have gone out with him, but he didn't ask me.
	assumptions e.g. Oh, that would have been Sarah on the phone just now.

would not

unwillingness

e.g. I asked Tom to close the window, but he wouldn't do it.

PRESENT FORM	PAST FORM
can	could
may	might
will	would
shall	should
must	-
ought to	-
need	-

Descriptive Text

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Peace Lily Care

Common Name: Peace Lily, Closet Plant
Scientific Name: Spathiphyllum
Lighting: Bright Light
Water: Heavy

Long elongated green foliage with white half shaped blooms characterizes the Peace Lily houseplant. The Peace Lily is one of the most popular houseplants. The Peace Lily (Closet Plant) is one of my top 10 easy to grow houseplants.

Thriving in lower lighted areas make this plant work almost anywhere. Try to keep it within 5 to 8 feet of a window for best results. Do not place your plant in direct sun. Direct sunlight can damage the Peace Lily's foliage. If the leaves begin to yellow, it may mean it is receiving too much sunlight. Move it to a less lighted area.

The main care requirement for your Peace Lily is water. This plant requires heavy watering, but you must allow the soil to dry out in-between watering to a point as well. This houseplant will let you know when it needs water. The leaves will begin to droop. Allowing the foliage to droop slightly in-between watering has turned out to be successful for me. However, do not let it droop severely. Once the plant is watered the foliage will spring back up. If you allowed it to dry out too much, some of the lower leaves may yellow and need to be removed.

This plant also loves higher humidity levels, so providing it with a nice misting a couple times a week will help the plant remain beautifully healthy.

Please keep pets and children away from this plant. It is one of many poisonous houseplants.

Definition
Descriptive text is to describe a particular person, place, thing or event.
Sometimes in a spoken text, you may use fillers, such as, er, um,...etc

Stucture of the text:

Identification: identifies the phenomenon to be describe
Description: describes parts, qualities and the characteristics of the person, place, thing or event to be described.

Minggu, 13 Februari 2011

Vocabulary Around House

Posted by zizz031 | Minggu, 13 Februari 2011 | Category: | 0 komentar

Function of rooms:

Attic	People store things in the attic.
Ballroom	A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.
Box Room	A small room used for storage.
Cellar	Underneath the house.
Cloakroom	A small room where people put their coats.
Conservatory	A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.
Dining Room	A room where people eat.
Drawing Room	A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.
Games Room	A room in large houses where games are played.
Hall	The entrance passage to a house.
Larder	A small room used for the storage of food.
Library	A room where books are kept.
Lounge	Another name for living room.
Music Room	A room where people play music.
Office	A room where people work.
Pantry	A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.
Parlour	Old fashioned word for living room.
Sitting Room	Another name for living room.
Spare Room/ Guest Room	A room where guests sleep.
Toilet	A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)
Utility Room	A room where appliances such as washing machines are used.

Things you may find around the house:


light bulb(s)	plug(s)	socket(s)	torch(es)

ceiling light(s)	lamp(s)	curtain(s)

	shelf (shelves)	(tele)phone(s)	box(es)

plug(s)	battery (batteries)	photo(graph)(s)

Preposition In, On, At

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Definition
A preposition is a word or groups of words used before a noun or a pronoun to show place, position, time or method. A preposition can have many usage.

Here are some preposition and some of their usages:

Preposition In: use 'in' with periods of times and places

Examples:-month: in March
-season: in winter
-country: in Indonesia
-city or town names: in Palangka Raya
-times of the day: in the morning

Preposition On: use 'on' with specific days.

Example:
on Saturday, on New Year's Day, on March 20, on the weekend

Preposition At: use 'at' with specific time and place

Example:
at school, at 7 O'clock, at night

Asking If Someone Remember or Not

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There are many expression

Formal Expression:

I wonder if you remember.....
You remember...., don’t you?
You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
Don’t you remember.....?
you happen to remember it now?

Ways to respond:

Let me think, yes, I remember.
I remember especially the scenery.
I’ll never forget that
I’ll always remember.
I can remember it clearly.

Informal expressions:

Remember the old house we used to live in?
Remember that?
I’m sorry I don’t remember

Ways to respond:

Hold on. Yes, got it!
I know.....
It’s coming back to me now.

Respond if you forget:

Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
I’m affraid I forget.
I really can’t remember.
I’m afraid I have no memory of him
Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Offering

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The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.

Example:

Ratna : Would you like a juice, Brenda?

Brenda : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this juice tastes good

Ratna : Thank you. I’m glad you like it.

Expression of offering:

Ways to say it

* Would you like a cup of tea, Carol?

* Should I get you a bottle of water?

* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Veronika?

* Would you care some salad?

Offering to friends:

* Want some?

* Have some?

* Chocolate?

* Grab some for yourself

Less formal expressions:

* Would you like to have a pancake?

* Why don't you have some lemonade?

* What can I get for you?

* What will you have?Declining an offering

* No, thanks

.* No, really won't, thanks

* Not for me, thanks.

Accepting an offering:

* Thank you.

* Yes, please

* I'd like it very much

* That would be very nice

Finite Verb

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Definition

A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.

A non-finite verb has no subject, tense or number. The only non-finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle.

Some Types Tense:

Finite verb forms include: I go, she goes, he went
Non-finite verb forms include: to go, going, gone

Identify the finite verbs in a sentence:

Most finite verbs can take an -ed or a -d at the end of the word to indicate time in the past:cough, coughed; celebrate, celebrated.

Nearly all finite verbs take an -s at the end of the word to indicate the present when the subject of the verb is third-person singular: cough, he coughs; celebrate, she celebrates.

Finite verbs are often groups of words that include such auxiliary verbs as can, must, have, and be: can be suffering, must eat, will have gone.

Finite verbs usually follow their subjects: He coughs. The documents had compromised him. They will have gone.

Finite verbs surround their subjects when some forms of a question are asked: Is he coughing? Did they celebrate?

Asking for Information

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There are a number of formulas when asking for information:

Could you tell me...?
Do you know...?
Do you happen to know....?
I'd like to know...
Could you find out...?
I'm interested in...
I'm looking for...
Could you give me some information about...
Is it true that...
Have you got an idea of...

These two forms are used for asking information on the telephone:

I'm calling to find out...
I'm calling about...

Surprise and Disbelief

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Surprises and disbelief is an expression that we show/say when know/hear/see something that rather difficult to believe.

Expressing Surprise:

Wow! What a surprise!
That's a surprise!
That's very surprising!
Really?
What?
Are you serious? You must be joking!
You're kidding!
Fancy that!
I must say it surprise me
I find it hard to believe

Responding:

Yeah!
It is
Yup!
Sure
It's true
I'm serious
No, I'm not
Does it?
It is, isn't it?

When you got surprising fact, you can say:

Do you know what?
Believe it or not?
You may not believe it, but.....
Can you believe this?

Example of Surprise:
Rensi: Whose car is that?
Yeyen: It's Tami
Rensi: Are you kidding me?
Yeyen: No, I'm not. I saw her riding that car this morning
Rensi: What's surprise!

Expressing Disbelief:

I don't believe it
It can't be true
I can't think of it
I don't trust you

Example of Disbelief:
Tetty: I heard the news about tiren. What is tiren, Diana?
Diana: "Tiren" stand for "mati kemarin". It is chicken meat taken from a dead chicken. In other word, it is a corpse.
Tetty: I can't believe this! How can people sell such chicken meat?
Diana: Some say, they want to get more bucks of money.
Tetty: I don't think they should do it. They cheat the buyers.
Diana: More than that. They harm the buyers.
Tetty: That's right!

Gratitude, Complement, and Congratulation

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Gratitude is also called thanking.
We say "thank you" when people give us something, give a compliment, wish us something, etc.

Expressing Gratitude:

I should like to express my gratitude
Thank you very much
Thank for your help
How can I thank you?
I'm very grateful to you
I can't thank you enough
I'm very much obliged to you

Responding:

It was the least I could do
You're welcome
No big deal
Don't metion it
It's a pleasure
That's all right
Any time

Compliment is expression that used to give praising to other people.
Some people use compliment to better up some dayor to flatter in order to increasegood will.

Expression Compliment:

Good grades!
Excellent!
Nice work!
Good job!
What a nice dress!
You look great!
You look very nice!
You look beautiful!
You look handsome!
I really must expressmy admiiration for your dance

Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a success.

Expression Congratulation:

Conratulation on your success
I must congratulate you
Congrats! Finally, your dream comes true!
Please accept mywarmest congratulations
I'd like to be first to congratulate you

Passive Voice

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Passive voice is used:

when we want to shift the importance

Example:Ariel gave Luna flowers
Luna was given flowers by Ariel

when we don't know who did it or it is not important who did it

Example:
The murderer was finally arrested

to make the information sound more formal

Example:
Action must be taken immediately

To change a sentences from active into passive:
1. The object becomes the subject in the passive voice
2. The tense remains the same tense, but it is moved from the main verb to the verb 'be'
3. The verb is in past participel

Examples:

* Simple Present

ACTIVE (A) : George helps Bella

PASSIVE (P) : Bella is helped by George

* Present Continuous

A : George is helping Bella

P : Bella is being helped by George

* Present Perfect

A : George has helped Bella

P : Bella has been helped by George

* Simple Past

A : George helped Bella

P : Bella was helped by George

* Past Continuous

A : George was helping Bella

P : Bella was being helped by George

* Past Perfect

A : George had helped Bella

P : Bella had been helped by George

* Simple Future

A : George will help Bella

P : Bella will be helped by George

* Be going to

A : George is going to help Bella

P : Bella is going to be helped by George

* Future Perfect

A : George will have helped Bella

P : Bella will have been helped by George

e-primbon

Mengenai Saya

Jumat, 18 Februari 2011

Modal in the Past Forms

Descriptive Text

Minggu, 13 Februari 2011

Vocabulary Around House

Function of rooms:

Things you may find around the house:

Preposition In, On, At

Asking If Someone Remember or Not

Offering

Finite Verb

Asking for Information

Surprise and Disbelief

Gratitude, Complement, and Congratulation

Passive Voice

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