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Sabtu, 15 Desember 2012
A. Contrastive Conjunction
Contrastive conjunctions are used to link two
ideas or statements that are considered to be different. The following are some
contrastive conjuctions :
1. But,
still, yet, although, though, even though, whereas, while
These conjuctions combine two
clauses which
are/opposite/contrast one to another. Examples :
- Donny is short, but he is strong.
- Although Bella is an
artist, she doesn’t ignore her studies.
- Mr. David is rich, yet he
is unhappy.
2. However,
nevertheless
Nevertheless is very formal. In a
less formal style, we can use conjunctions like but or yet.\
“Nevertheless” and “however” don’t combine two clauses. They are
used to emphasize the fact that the point expressed by the second sentence
contrasts with the first. In writing, they are separated from the rest of the
sentences by a comma. Examples :
- I advised Tom to correct his bad behavior. Nevertheless, he didn’t take my advice.
- It seems that we will
fail in the contest. However, we
will do our best.
3. Despite/in
spite of
“Despite” and “in spite of” are
always followed by noun or noun phrases. Examples :
- Diana
is still doing her homework despite being very tired.
- The old farmer works hard in his field in spite of fierce sun.
B. Modal Perfect
Different from modals, all modal perfect, refer to the past.
Pattern : modal +
have + past participle (V3)
The following are some modal perfect including their meanings and
examples :
|
Modal Perfect
|
Meaning
|
Example
|
||
|
could
have
|
|
We had
ability to do something in the
past,
but we didn’t do it.
|
|
The
report is considered
nonfactual.
Renny could have
interviewed some
people
before
writing it.
|
|
would
have
|
|
We wanted to do
something,but we
didn’t do it in the end.
|
|
I would have finished it last night.
Now I am still
doing my work.
|
|
might
have
|
|
It is
possible that something
happened
in the past, but we
aren’t
sure.
|
|
We did
not see Andra at the
meeting.
He might have
forgotten it.
|
|
should
have
|
|
It was the right thing to
do, but we
didn’t do it.
|
|
Alex had negative
thoughts about
you. You should have told him
the truth.
|
|
|
We
expected something to happen,
but it
didn’t.
|
|
Lina is
disappointed. Her
father should have boughther
a
bicycle.
|
|
|
must
have
|
|
We are almost sure
something
happened in the past.
|
|
My youngest sister is
very happy.
She must have gotthe doll she
longed for some time.
|
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